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<h1>Hypothesizing and Concluding</h1>

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<li><a href="#part1">Some things that are not covered</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">Coming to a conclusion with 「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances;" class="popup">わけ</span>」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Making hypotheses with 「と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」</a></li>
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<h2 id="part1">Some things that are not covered</h2>
As we near the end of section 5, we are essentially picking up different useful types of grammar here and there.  In writing this section, I considered
a large number of topics that fall on the border between vocabulary and grammar.  In the end, I decided to skip any topic that can be looked
up and learned with examples.  Some examples of grammar that fall under this category are 「<span title="にとって - as far as... is concerned" class="popup">にとって</span>、<span title="にたいして - in regards to" class="popup">に対して</span>、<span title="にかんして - in relation to" class="popup">に関して</span>、and <span title="について - about" class="popup">について</span>」.
When you come across such grammar in the course of learning Japanese, you can look them up at the
<a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/wwwjdic.html">WWWJDIC</a> and look at the example sentences.
That's all you should need to give you an idea of what each phrase means and how it is used. On the other hand, I've decided to go over two types of grammar that does deserve some explanation:
「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>」（<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">訳</span>） and 「と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」.

<h2 id="part2">Coming to a conclusion with 「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>」</h2>
The first type of grammar is, in actuality, just a regular noun.  However, it is used to express a concept that deserves some explanation. The noun
「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>」（<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">訳</span>） is defined as: "meaning; reason; can be deduced".  You can see how this word is used in the following mini-dialogue.

<h3>Mini-Dialogue 1</h3>
<p>（<span title="なおこ - Naoko" class="popup">直子</span>）　<span title="いくら - how much" class="popup">いくら</span><span title="えいご - English" class="popup">英語</span>を<span title="べんきょう - study" class="popup">勉強</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>も、<span title="うまい - tasty; skillful" class="popup">うまく</span><span title="なる - to become" class="popup">ならない</span>の。
<br />- No matter how much I study, I don't become better at English.
</p>

<p>
（ジム）　<span title="つまり - in short" class="popup">つまり</span>、<span title="ごがく - language study" class="popup">語学</span>には、<span title="のうりょく - ability" class="popup">能力</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span>と<span title="いう - to say" class="popup">いう</span><em><span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">訳</span></em>か。
<br />- So basically, it <em>means</em> that you don't have ability at language.
</p>

<p>
（<span title="なおこ - Naoko" class="popup">直子</span>）　<span title="しつれい - discourtesy" class="popup">失礼</span>ね。
<br />- How rude.
</p>

<p>As you can see, Jim is concluding from what Naoko said that she must not have any skills at learning languages.  This is completely different from the
<a href="particles3.html#part5">explanatory 「の」</a>, which is used to explain something that may or may not be obvious. 「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>」 is instead used to draw conclusions
that anyone might be able to arrive at given certain information.</p>

<p>
A very useful application of this grammar is to combine it with 「<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span>」 to indicate that there is no reasonable conclusion.
This allows some very useful expression like, "How in the world am I supposed to know that?"
</p>

<p>
（１）　<span title="ちゅうごくご - Chinese" class="popup">中国語</span>が<span title="よむ - to read" class="popup">読める</span><em><span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span></em>。
<br />- There's no way I can read Chinese. (lit: There is no reasoning for [me] to be able to read Chinese.)
</p>

<p>Under the normal rules of grammar, we must have a particle for the noun 「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>」 in order to use it with the verb but since this type of expression is used so often, the particle is often dropped to
create just 「～<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span>」.
</p>

<h3>Mini-Dialogue 2</h3>
<p>（<span title="なおこ - Naoko" class="popup">直子</span>）　<span title="ひろこ - Hiroko" class="popup">広子</span>の<span title="いえ - house" class="popup">家</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行った</span><span title="こと - matter; event" class="popup">こと</span><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ある</span>？
<br />- Have you ever gone to Hiroko's house?
</p>

<p>
（<span title="いちろう - Ichirou" class="popup">一郎</span>）　<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ある</span><em><span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span></em>でしょう。
<br />- There's no way I would have ever gone to her house, right?
</p>

<h3>Mini-Dialogue 3</h3>
<p>（<span title="なおこ - Naoko" class="popup">直子</span>）　<span title="びせきぶん - (differential and integral) calculus" class="popup">微積分</span>は<span title="わかる - to understand" class="popup">分かる</span>？
<br />- Do you understand (differential and integral) calculus?
</p>

<p>
（<span title="いちろう - Ichirou" class="popup">一郎</span>）　<span title="わかる - to understand" class="popup">分かる</span><em><span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span></em>よ！
<br />- There's no way I would understand!
</p>

<p>There is one thing to be careful of because 「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span>」 can also mean that something is very easy (lit: requires no explanation). You can easily tell when this meaning is intended however, because it is used in the same manner as an adjective.
</p>

（１） <span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>の<span title="しけん - test, exam" class="popup">試験</span>に<span title="ごうかく - pass" class="popup">合格</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>のは<em><span title="わけない - easy, simple" class="popup">わけない</span></em>。- It's easy to pass the tests here.

<p>
Finally, although not as common, 「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>」 can also be used as a formal expression for saying that something must or must not be done at all costs. This is
simply a stronger and more formal version of 「～てはいけない」.  This grammar is created by simply attaching 「<span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>にはいかない」. The 「は」 is the
topic particle and is pronounced 「わ」. The reason 「いけない」 changes to 「いかない」 is probably
related to intransitive and transitive verbs but I don't want to
get too caught up in the logistics of it.  Just take note that it's 「い<em><u>か</u></em>ない」 in this case and not 「い<em><u>け</u></em>ない」.
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="こんど - this time" class="popup">今度</span>は<span title="まける - to lose" class="popup">負ける</span><em><span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>にはいかない</em>。
<br />- This time, I must not lose at all costs.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>まで<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">きて</span>、<span title="あきらめる - to give up" class="popup">あきらめる</span><em><span title="わけ - reason; circumstances" class="popup">わけ</span>にはいかない</em>。
<br />- After coming this far, I must not give up.
</p>

<h2 id="part3">Making hypotheses with 「と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」</h2>
While this next grammar doesn't necessary have anything to do with the previous grammar, I thought it would fit nicely together. In a previous
lesson, we learn how to combine the volitional form with 「と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 to indicate an <a href="try.html#part3">attempt to perform an action</a>.
We will now learn several other ways 「と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 can be used.  It may help to keep in mind that 「と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 is really just a combination of the quotation
particle 「と」 and the verb 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 meaning "to do".  Let's say you have a sentence: [verb]と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>.  This means literally that you are doing like "[verb]" (in quotes).
As you can see, when used with the volitional, it becomes: "Doing like making motion to do [verb]".  In other words, you are acting as if to make a motion to
do [verb].  As we have already seen, this translates to "attempt to do [verb]". Let's see what happens when we use it on plain verbs.

<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>（１）　<span title="あした - tomorrow" class="popup">明日</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span><em>と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></em>。
<br />- Assume we go tomorrow.
</p>

<p>In （１）, the example is considering what would happen supposing that they should decide to go tomorrow. You can see that the literal translation still makes
sense, "Do like we go tomorrow." but in this situation, we are making a hypothesis unlike the grammar we have gone over before with the volitional form of the
verb.  Since we are considering a hypothesis, it is reasonable that the conditional will be very handy here and indeed, you will often see sentences like the
following:</p>

<p>（２）　<span title="いま - now" class="popup">今</span>から<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span>と<em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">したら</span></em>、<span title="くじ - 9 o'clock" class="popup">９時</span>に<span title="つく - to arrive" class="popup">着く</span>と<span title="おもう - to think" class="popup">思います</span>。
<br />- If we suppose that we go from now, I think we will arrive at 9:00.
</p>

<p>As you can see, the verb 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 has been conjugated to the 「たら」 conditional form to consider what would happen <i>if</i>
you assume a certain case.  You can also change 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」 to  the te-form （<span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>） and use it as a sequence of actions like so:
</p>

<p>（３）　<span title="かんきゃく - spectator" class="popup">観客</span><em>と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span></em><span title="さんか - participation" class="popup">参加</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">させて</span><span title="もらう - to receive" class="popup">もらった</span>。
<br />- Received favor of allowing to participate as spectator.
</p>

<p>
（４）　<span title="ひがいしゃ - victim" class="popup">被害者</span><em>と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>は</em>、<span title="ひじょう - extreme" class="popup">非常</span>に<span title="さいわい - fortunate" class="popup">幸い</span>だった。
<br />- As a victim, was extremely fortunate.
</p>

<p>
（５）　<span title="あさごはん - breakfast" class="popup">朝ご飯</span>を<span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べた</span><em>と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>も</em>、<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="ひる - afternoon" class="popup">昼</span>だから<span title="おなか - stomach" class="popup">お腹</span>が<span title="すく - to become empty" class="popup">空いた</span>でしょう。
<br />- Even assuming that you ate breakfast, because it's already noon, you're probably hungry, right?
</p>

<p>The same idea applies here as well.  In （３）, you are doing like a "spectator" and doing like a "victim" in （４） and finally, doing like you
ate breakfast in （５）. So you can see why the same grammar applies for all these types of sentences because they all mean the same thing in Japanese (minus
the use of additional particles and various conjugations of 「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>」).
</p>

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<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2007/1/21</pre></div>

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